Introduction
"Wearing the victory well and learning from defeat is an important art that we learn in the sports field." - Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi.
In a nation as diverse and vibrant as India, the potential for sports to transform lives is immense. Sports are not merely a form of entertainment; they are a powerful catalyst for personal growth, community cohesion, and national pride. The Khelo India initiative, launched in 2018, embodies this vision by aiming to foster a robust sports culture across the country, particularly at the grassroots level. This initiative seeks to empower the youth, instill values of teamwork and discipline, and promote a healthy lifestyle, all while nurturing the next generation of athletes.
Churu District, located in the heart of Rajasthan, serves as a compelling case study for examining the impact of the Khelo India initiative. Despite being classified as a backward district with various socio-economic challenges, Churu has made remarkable strides in sports infrastructure and participation. The district's commitment to sports development is evident in its achievements, particularly in fostering female participation and promoting traditional sports. This study delved into the multifaceted impact of the Khelo India programme in Churu District, highlighting its achievements, challenges, and the transformative role of sports in community development. By exploring the journey of Churu, we can glean valuable insights into how sports can serve as a vehicle for change, inspiring hope and resilience in the face of adversity.
Review of Literature
The literature surrounding the Khelo India initiative provides valuable insights into its objectives, implementation, and impact on sports culture in India. A thorough examination of existing studies reveals both the strengths and challenges of the programme, particularly in the context of grassroots sports development.
One of the foundational documents is the Gazette of India, published on October 14, 2017, which outlines the various components of the Khelo India programme. This document emphasizes the importance of Play Field Development, Community Coaching Development, and the establishment of State Level Khelo India Centres. It also highlights the significance of Annual Sports Competitions and Talent Search and Development initiatives. However, while the Gazette provides a comprehensive overview of the programme's framework, it lacks specific details regarding district-level implementation, particularly in areas like Churu District. This gap in localized information limits the ability to assess the programme's effectiveness in fostering sports culture in specific regions.
The Operational Guidelines on Khelo India, issued by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports on May 26, 2016, further elaborate on the funding patterns and budgeting for the initiative. These guidelines are crucial for understanding the financial mechanisms that support the programme. However, they do not provide specific references to district-wise allocations, which poses a challenge for localized studies aiming to evaluate the programme's impact in specific areas. The revised operational guidelines for the Khelo India Scheme, effective from 2021 to 2026, clarify the programme's goals and objectives, emphasizing the importance of talent discovery and infrastructure development. This document serves as a critical resource for stakeholders, outlining the strategic direction of the initiative.
Research by Pintu Debnath, (2019) emphasizes the Khelo India programme's goal of creating a solid foundation for sports in India, promoting inclusivity across various demographics. Debnath's work highlights the essence of the scheme in fostering a culture of sports that is accessible to all, regardless of race, gender, or background. However, the study does not delve into how the programme is supported at the state level, indicating a gap in understanding the mechanisms of implementation and the role of local governance in facilitating the initiative.
The Standing Committee Report on the Khelo India Scheme, filed on December 24, 2019, provides an overview of the initiative's findings and recommendations. This report addresses key areas such as administration, funding utilization, talent identification, and sports infrastructure. It underscores the importance of community engagement in promoting sports and highlights the need for targeted efforts to enhance participation among underrepresented groups. The recommendations from this report are vital for policymakers seeking to improve the effectiveness of the Khelo India initiative.
The literature also discusses the critical role of sports infrastructure in the success of the Khelo India initiative. The operational guidelines emphasize the necessity for improved sports facilities to support talent development and community participation. However, studies conducted by YK Kharade (2019) and RR William and SG Kirubakar (2019) indicate that significant challenges remain in upgrading and maintaining sports infrastructure across the country. These challenges are particularly pronounced in rural and semi-urban areas, where access to quality facilities can be limited. The lack of adequate infrastructure not only hampers talent development but also discourages youth participation in sports.
While the programme has made significant strides in promoting sports culture and inclusivity, there remains a notable gap in district-specific studies, particularly regarding the impact of Khelo India in rural and semi-urban contexts like Churu District. This review underscores the need for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of the Khelo India programme and its role in fostering a sports culture that promotes community development and youth empowerment. The insights gained from this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Khelo India initiative and its implications for sports development in India.
The Khelo India Initiative
The Khelo India initiative was conceived as a comprehensive programme aimed at mainstreaming sports as a tool for national development, economic growth, and individual empowerment. It recognizes that sports can play a pivotal role in shaping the future of the nation by fostering a culture of excellence and inclusivity. The initiative encompasses a wide array of components, including talent identification, infrastructure development, and community engagement, all designed to create a holistic sports ecosystem.
At its core, Khelo India aims to identify and nurture young athletes with potential, providing them with the necessary training and resources to excel in their respective sports. This involves scouting talent at the grassroots level and offering structured training programmes that equip athletes with the skills they need to succeed. The initiative also places a strong emphasis on enhancing sports infrastructure, ensuring that facilities are not only built but also maintained and utilized effectively. By investing in sports complexes, upgrading existing facilities, and ensuring they meet international standards, Khelo India seeks to create an environment where athletes can thrive.
Moreover, the initiative aims to instill a culture of sports in schools and communities, encouraging participation among youth regardless of gender, socio-economic status, or background. By integrating sports into the educational framework, Khelo India promotes a balanced approach to physical and mental development, recognizing that sports can enhance academic performance and life skills.
Community engagement is another critical aspect of the Khelo India initiative. By involving local communities in sports activities, the programme fosters a sense of belonging and teamwork, promoting social cohesion. Events, workshops, and competitions are organized to engage families and local organizations, creating a supportive environment for young athletes. This community-centric approach not only enhances participation but also strengthens the social fabric of the district.
Finally, Khelo India emphasizes the importance of health and well-being. The initiative recognizes that physical fitness and mental health are intertwined, and that sports can play a crucial role in improving overall health. By promoting healthy lifestyles, nutrition, and mental health awareness, Khelo India aims to create a generation of physically fit and mentally resilient individuals.
In Churu District, the implementation of Khelo India has been particularly noteworthy. The district has embraced the initiative as a means to overcome its socio-economic challenges and has made significant strides in sports infrastructure and participation. The commitment to sports development in Churu showcases the potential of the Khelo India initiative to transform local communities and inspire a new generation of athletes.
Objectives
The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Khelo India initiative on sports participation and community engagement in Churu District, Rajasthan. Specifically, the study seeks to determine whether the implementation of the Khelo India initiative has led to significant changes in youth sports participation rates, community collaboration, and the personal development of young individuals in the district. By examining these aspects, the study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of the Khelo India programme in fostering a vibrant sports culture and promoting holistic development among the youth.
To guide the investigation, the following research questions have been formulated:
• Have youth sports participation rates in Churu District significantly increased after the implementation of Khelo India?
• Has Khelo India led to a significant increase in community engagement and collaboration among youth and local organizations?
• Is Khelo India participation associated with long-term positive effects on personal development and career aspirations among the youth in Churu District?
Methodology
This study employed a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the impact of the Khelo India initiative in Churu District, Rajasthan. The research involved both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the initiative's effects on sports participation, community engagement, and youth development.
A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 69 participants, including district officials, coaches, athletes, and their families, to gather quantitative data on their experiences and perceptions regarding Khelo India. The questionnaire included questions related to sports participation rates, physical fitness, self-esteem, academic performance, and community engagement.
In addition to the survey, qualitative data were collected through direct interactions with local officials and stakeholders involved in the implementation of the Khelo India initiative. This allowed for a deeper exploration of the challenges and successes associated with the programme. The district has shown significant growth in sports infrastructure and achievements, making it an ideal setting to assess the specific impacts of Khelo India. By focusing on Churu, the study aimed to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the initiative's outcomes in rural and semi-urban contexts, ultimately contributing to the development of evidence-based recommendations for enhancing sports programmes in the region.
Churu District: A Contextual Overview
Churu District, established in 1948, is located in the northeastern region of Rajasthan. It is characterized by its arid landscape, with agriculture being the primary economic activity. The district has a population of over 2 million, with a significant portion engaged in farming. Despite its challenges, Churu has emerged as a hub for sports, particularly through the Khelo India initiative.
Historically, Churu was founded in 1620 by a Jat chieftain and has a rich legacy that reflects its cultural and architectural heritage. Before India’s independence in 1947, it was part of the Bikaner State. The district's historical significance is evident in its monuments and traditions, which continue to shape its contemporary identity. The legacy of Churu is not only rooted in its historical landmarks but also in its cultural practices, which emphasize community and cooperation—values that resonate well with the spirit of sportsmanship.
According to the 2011 Census, Churu has a population of 2,039,547, with a literacy rate that lags behind the state average. The district is primarily agrarian, with 73.17% of the workforce engaged in agriculture. The lack of industrial development has led to economic challenges, making initiatives like Khelo India crucial for community upliftment.
The district has a history of producing talented athletes and has recently gained recognition for its commitment to sports development. The Khelo India initiative has further catalyzed this growth, providing a structured framework for nurturing talent and promoting sports. The local government and community organizations have rallied around the Khelo India initiative, recognizing sports as a means to foster unity, pride, and resilience among the youth.
Sports Infrastructure Development
The Khelo India initiative has catalyzed the development of sports infrastructure in Churu, employing a comprehensive three-tiered approach that focuses on district, block, and gram panchayat levels. This strategy ensures that sports facilities are not only built but also maintained and utilized effectively, creating a sustainable environment for sports development.
One of the most significant achievements has been the establishment of Khelo India Centres, which have been accredited by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). These centres provide world-class facilities for various sports, including athletics, handball, and hockey. They serve as training hubs for aspiring athletes, offering access to professional coaching and modern equipment. The establishment of these centres has not only improved the quality of training available but has also increased the visibility of sports in the community, encouraging more youth to participate.
In addition to the Khelo India Centres, the district has prioritized community coaching, raising awareness about available sports facilities and encouraging participation among local youth. Initiatives such as workshops, training camps, and outreach programmes have been implemented to engage schools and communities, fostering a culture of sports. Community coaches play a vital role in this process, as they are often more relatable to the youth and can inspire them to take up sports.
Regular tournaments have been organized to foster competition and engagement among players, enhancing the overall sports culture in the district. These competitions not only provide a platform for talent identification but also promote camaraderie and sportsmanship among participants. The excitement surrounding these events helps to galvanize community support for sports, creating a positive feedback loop that encourages further participation.
Continuous improvements have been made to existing sports facilities, ensuring they meet the needs of athletes and promote participation. Investments in upgrading tracks, courts, and training equipment have significantly enhanced the quality of sports infrastructure in Churu. This commitment to infrastructure development reflects a long-term vision for sports in the district, recognizing that quality facilities are essential for nurturing talent and fostering a competitive spirit.
Moreover, the Khelo India initiative emphasizes making sports accessible to all, particularly marginalized groups. Efforts have been made to ensure that facilities are available for women, children, and individuals with disabilities, promoting inclusivity in sports participation. This focus on inclusivity is crucial for breaking down barriers and ensuring that all segments of the population can benefit from the positive impacts of sports.
Achievements in Sports
Churu District has demonstrated remarkable achievements in sports, particularly in national competitions. The district's performance in the Khelo India Games is noteworthy and serves as a testament to the effectiveness of the initiative in nurturing talent.
Churu had the second-highest number of participants from Rajasthan in the Khelo India Games, showcasing the district's commitment to sports. This high level of participation reflects the effectiveness of the Khelo India initiative in engaging youth and promoting sports at the grassroots level. The enthusiasm for participation is indicative of a growing sports culture, where young athletes are eager to showcase their talents.
Athletes from Churu contributed significantly to the state's medal count, winning 10 out of 51 medals in individual events, which accounts for nearly 20% of the total. This achievement underscores the district's potential in nurturing talent and competing at higher levels. The success of these athletes serves as a source of inspiration for their peers, motivating more youth to pursue sports seriously.
The district has made significant strides in promoting female athletes, with an 83% increase in female participation in the Khelo India Games. Notably, female athletes from Churu won 7 out of 20 individual medals for Rajasthan, highlighting the district's commitment to gender inclusivity in sports. This increase in female participation is a testament to the effectiveness of targeted outreach and support programmes aimed at empowering women through sports.
Several athletes from Churu have emerged as role models, inspiring the next generation to pursue sports. Their achievements in state and national competitions serve as a testament to the effectiveness of the Khelo India initiative in fostering talent and providing opportunities for success. These success stories not only elevate the profile of sports in Churu but also contribute to a broader narrative of empowerment and achievement.
Innovative Models and Community Engagement
Churu has introduced innovative models to enhance sports participation and community engagement. One such model is the 'Pay and Reside' initiative, which allows athletes to stay at the district stadium at a nominal fee. This arrangement enables them to focus on training while fostering a sense of community among athletes. The model has attracted talent from neighbouring districts and even from other states, contributing to the district's success in various competitions.
The district has recognized the role of sports in addressing societal issues, such as substance abuse. By promoting sports as a constructive outlet for youth, Churu aims to combat the challenges posed by drug-related problems in neighbouring areas. Community outreach programmes have been organized to raise awareness about the benefits of sports and encourage participation among youth. These programmes often involve local leaders and influencers, further enhancing their impact.
Churu's initiatives extend beyond traditional sports, focusing on using sports as a tool for peace and development. Programmes aimed at promoting social cohesion and addressing local challenges have been implemented, demonstrating the transformative power of sports in fostering community development. By leveraging the unifying nature of sports, Churu aims to build a more resilient and cohesive community.
Field Data Analysis
The findings of this study reveal several significant impacts of the Khelo India initiative on sports participation and community engagement in Churu District:
1. Increased Sports Participation: The Khelo India initiative has led to a notable increase in youth sports participation in Churu District. The research survey indicated that 44.1% of respondents, including athletes and their families, reported participation in Khelo India programmes or events. Athletics emerged as the most popular discipline, with 79.4% of participants endorsing it as their chosen sport.
2. Positive Impact on Physical Fitness: A substantial majority of respondents (69.1%) acknowledged a positive impact of Khelo India on their physical fitness. This suggests that the initiative has effectively encouraged youth to engage in regular physical activity, contributing to their overall health and well-being.
3. Enhancement of Self-esteem and Confidence: The initiative has also positively influenced the self-esteem and confidence of participants. Approximately 61.8% of respondents reported improvements in these areas, indicating that involvement in sports has fostered a sense of achievement and personal growth among youth.
4. Academic Performance: The study found that 60.3% of respondents believed that Khelo India had a positive effect on their academic performance. This correlation suggests that participation in sports may enhance discipline, time management, and focus, which can translate into better academic outcomes.
5. Community Engagement and Social Relationships: Khelo India has played a significant role in fostering community engagement. About 52.9% of respondents recognized a positive impact on their social relationships and community involvement. This indicates that the initiative has helped build a sense of camaraderie and collaboration among youth, families, and local organizations.
6. Psychological and Emotional Development: The initiative has contributed to the psychological and emotional development of participants, with 52.9% reporting positive effects. This finding underscores the importance of sports in promoting mental health and resilience among youth.
7. Community Outreach: While 48.5% of respondents acknowledged a positive impact on community outreach, a notable 47.1% expressed doubts about its effectiveness. This suggests that while Khelo India has made strides in engaging the community, there is still room for improvement in outreach efforts.
8. Female Participation: The Khelo India initiative has successfully increased female participation in sports. The number of female athletes from Churu participating in the Khelo India Games rose from six to eleven, marking an impressive 83% increase. Additionally, female athletes from Churu secured 34% of the individual medals won by Rajasthan, highlighting the district's commitment to promoting gender equality in sports.
9. Infrastructure Development: The district has made significant investments in sports infrastructure, establishing a center of excellence and multiple Khelo India centers at various levels. This development has enhanced the availability of facilities for training and competition, contributing to the overall growth of sports in the region.
10. Challenges Identified: Despite the positive outcomes, the study identified several challenges. A significant 55.9% of respondents highlighted the need for further infrastructure development, while 35.3% emphasized the importance of increasing sports participation. These challenges indicate areas where additional focus and resources are required to maximize the impact of Khelo India.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of the Khelo India initiative in Churu District:
1. Enhance Sports Participation: To further increase youth participation in sports, it is recommended to organize regular sports events and competitions at the local level and implement outreach programmes in schools and communities to raise awareness about the benefits of sports and the opportunities available through Khelo India.
2. Focus on Physical Fitness Programmes: Given that 69.1% of respondents reported a positive impact on physical fitness, it is essential to develop structured physical fitness programmes that cater to different age groups and skill levels while collaborating with local health organizations to promote fitness and wellness initiatives alongside sports training.
3. Support Self-esteem and Confidence Building: To support self-esteem and confidence building, it is important to incorporate life skills training and personal development workshops into sports programmes, focusing on teamwork, leadership, and resilience. Recognizing and celebrating individual and team achievements through awards and public recognition can boost morale and motivation.
4. Integrate Academic Support: With 60.3% of respondents noting a positive impact on academic performance, it is advisable to establish partnerships between schools and sports organizations to create academic support programmes for student-athletes. This will help them balance their studies and sports commitments, and provide mentorship opportunities where successful athletes can guide younger participants in managing their academic and athletic pursuits.
5. Strengthen Community Engagement: Strengthening community engagement is crucial. Fostering partnerships with local organizations, schools, and community leaders can create collaborative sports initiatives that involve families and community members. Organizing community sports festivals can celebrate local talent and promote inclusivity.
6. Promote Psychological and Emotional Well-being: To promote psychological and emotional well-being, integrating mental health awareness and support services into sports programmes is essential. Providing resources for athletes to address stress and emotional challenges, along with workshops on coping strategies and mental resilience, can help participants navigate the pressures of competition and performance.
7. Expand Female Participation Initiatives: To expand female participation initiatives, it is important to develop targeted programmes that specifically encourage girls to participate in sports, addressing cultural and societal barriers. Highlighting female role models in sports through campaigns and events can inspire young girls to pursue athletic opportunities.
8. Invest in Infrastructure Development: Investing in infrastructure development is essential. Allocating additional resources for the development and maintenance of sports facilities will ensure they are accessible to all youth in the district. Exploring partnerships with private organizations and local businesses can help fund infrastructure projects and enhance facility offerings.
9. Enhance Community Outreach Efforts: Enhancing community outreach efforts is vital. Implementing targeted outreach campaigns that communicate the benefits and opportunities of Khelo India to underrepresented communities can increase engagement. Utilizing social media and local media channels to share success stories and promote upcoming events will further boost visibility and participation.
Conclusion
The study on the impact of the Khelo India initiative in Churu District, Rajasthan, revealed significant insights into how the programme influenced sports participation, community engagement, and the overall development of youth in the region. The findings indicated that Khelo India successfully increased youth involvement in sports, with 44.1% of respondents participating in various programmes. Athletics emerged as the most favored discipline, highlighting the initiative's effectiveness in promoting physical activity among young people.
Moreover, the positive impacts on physical fitness (69.1%), self-esteem (61.8%), and academic performance (60.3%) underscored the holistic benefits of sports participation. The initiative also fostered community engagement, with over half of the respondents recognizing its role in enhancing social relationships and community involvement. Notably, the increase in female participation, with an 83% rise in female athletes, reflected the programme's commitment to promoting gender equality in sports.
Despite these positive outcomes, the study identified several challenges that needed to be addressed. A significant portion of respondents highlighted the need for improved infrastructure and expressed skepticism regarding community outreach efforts. These challenges indicated areas where further investment and strategic planning were necessary to maximize the initiative's impact.
In conclusion, the Khelo India initiative laid a strong foundation for fostering a vibrant sports culture and promoting the holistic development of youth in Churu District. The positive outcomes observed in sports participation, physical fitness, and community engagement demonstrated the initiative's effectiveness. However, to sustain and expand these benefits, it is crucial to address the identified challenges through targeted recommendations. By doing so, stakeholders can ensure that all youth in Churu District have the opportunity to thrive through sports, ultimately contributing to a healthier, more engaged, and empowered community.
References
1. ASSOCHAM in association with PwC India (2019). ‘Sports Infrastructure: Transforming the Indian Sports Ecosystem’. March 2019.
2. Bhatti, A. (2023). ‘The Impact of Coaching and Training Programmes on Athlete’s Development in India | Case Study of Successful Sports Academies’. 08 Apr 2023. https://www.kreedon.com/the-impact-of-coaching-and-training-programmes-in-sports-on-athletes-development-in-india accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
3. Bhatti, J. (2022). ‘Schemes for Sports Development in India’. 30 Sep 2022. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/schemes-for-sports-development-in-india accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
4. Bhattacharyya, R., Gupta, A., Vats, S., Datskovsky, A., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). ‘A Sporting Culture at the Grassroots Is the Need of Hour’. The Wire, 29 Jun 2021. https://thewire.in/sport/india-sports-culture-rural-urban-equity-ngos-support accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
5. Bhattacharyya, R., Gupta, A., Vats, S., Datskovsky, A., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). ‘As Tokyo Olympics Approach, a Look at India’s Sporting Potential’. The Wire, 25 Jun 2021. https://thewire.in/sport/as-tokyo-olympics-approach-a-look-at-indias-sporting-potential accessed on 15 Jan 2024.
6. Bhattacharyya, R., Gupta, A., Vats, S., Datskovsky, A., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). ‘Has India Always Had a Strong Sporting Culture?’. The Wire, 26 Jun 2021. https://thewire.in/sport/has-india-always-had-a-strong-sporting-culture accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
7. Bhattacharyya, R., Gupta, A., Vats, S., Datskovsky, A., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). ‘The Gaps in India’s Sports Administration and Governance’. The Wire, 28 Jun 2021. https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
8. Bhattacharyya, R., Gupta, A., Vats, S., Datskovsky, A., and Bhattacharya, P. (2021). ‘The Professional Sports League and How it Has Impacted Sports in India’. The Wire, 27 Jun 2021. https://thewire.in/sport/the-professional-sports-league-and-how-it-has-impacted-sports-in-india accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
9. Clarke, J., and Mondal, S. (2022). ‘Sport Policy in India’. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 14(4), 729-741. DOI: 10.1080/19406940.2022.2127838 https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2022.2127838 accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
10. Debnath, P. (2019). ‘Effect of Khelo India Programme in Spotting Culture and School Children’s of India’. Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol 16, No 2 (2019). https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JAST/article/view/45947 accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
11. ESPN India (2022). ‘Khelo India Scheme – Objectives, Features, and Development’. 25 Nov 2022. https://www.espn.in/other-sports/story/_/id/33020339/khelo-india-scheme-objectives-features-development accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
12. ESPN India (2022). ‘The Story of Khelo India: How the Grassroots Programme Has Revolutionised Indian Sports’. 02 Sep 2022. https://www.espn.in/other-sports/story/_/id/33279781/the-story-khelo-india-how-grassroots-programme-revolutionised-indian-sports accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
13. ESPN Staff (2019). ‘What is the Khelo India Scheme? How Has It Fared?’. 17 Dec 2019. https://www.espn.in/other-sports/story/_/id/28105506/what-khelo-india-scheme-how-fared accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
14. Khelo India (2022). https://kheloindia.gov.in/ accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
15. Rijhwani, N. (2023). ‘Top 10 Sports Schemes and Programmes in India’. 19 Jun 2023. https://www.sportzbusiness.com/top-10-sports-schemes-and-programmes-in-india accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
16. Sports Authority of India (2022). https://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/ accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
17. Srivastava, A. (2023). ‘Top 5 Schemes for Sports Development in India’. 26 Mar 2023. https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/top-5-schemes-for-sports-development-in-india-123032600089_1.html accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
18. Stanojevic, D. (2017). ‘India's Current State of Sports and the Need for a Sports Culture’. Sport, Ethics. DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2016.1278604 accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
19. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Khelo-India accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
20. The Free Press Journal (2022). ‘What is Khelo India, India’s flagship programme for development of sports?’. 17 Jan 2022. https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/what-is-khelo-india-indias-flagship-programme-for-development-of-sports accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
21. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, December 3). Khelo India Youth Games. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:22, December 6, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khelo_India_Youth_Games accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
22. Yashasvi, R. (2019). ‘Khelo India Scheme: Revolutionizing Indian Sports Ecosystem’. Sports Management Review, 22 May 2019. https://www.sportsmanagementreview.com/khelo-india-scheme-revolutionizing-indian-sports-ecosystem/ accessed on 12 Nov 2023.
