“Vision of Viksit Bharat is bold and ambitious, but to achieve it, India must significantly raise it’s infrastructure spending”

-Amitabh Kant, former CEO, NITI Aayog & G20 Sherpa 

The Vision of Vikshit Bharat 2047 has ignited a billion plus dreams. The foundational assumption of consistent economic growth, would largely hinge on our capacity to develop and sustain a robust, enabling and futuristic infrastructure especially in the transport and logistics sector, which is based on a framework of digitally enabled platforms, is aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals and Climate Goals and promotes ease of doing business and ease of living. Our infrastructure should therefore not only be responsive to the needs and aspirations of our domestic constituencies but also remains agile to contemporary global developments to maintain it’s competitiveness. 

From super highways to high-speed rail systems to metro networks, the past decade has seen unprecedented proliferation and penetration of modern infrastructure into the hinterlands. The vision has been to create seamless, efficient, and green mobility solutions by amalgamation of last-mile connectivity, innovative financing and smart technologies to ensure accessibility along with affordability. Conscious efforts are also being made to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in the sector through transparent monitoring and targetted intervention. Policy prognosis is being backed up by increasing people’s participation and feedback. These transformative steps supported by technological innovation and private sector participation will shape India’s infrastructure landscape and fulfill the aspirations of Viksit Bharat. Although the ambit of this umbrella sector is too wide, this paper attempts to examine the current landscape pertaining to the following 10 key pillars. 

Pillar I: Build A Railway Of The Future

Railways are the backbone of global transportation infrastructure, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and resources across vast distances. From enabling economic growth to connecting remote regions, railway networks play a pivotal role in shaping a nation’s logistics and connectivity. The size and efficiency of a railway network often reflect a country’s geographical needs, economic priorities, and historical development . India already boasts of the fourth largest rail network in the world . However, as the Indian Railways (IR) is a public transport body, efficiency and profitability has been often compromised to balance the needs of India’s masses. Notwithstanding the shackles of the past, rail mobility in India is now undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the emergence of futuristic technologies and necessary policy interventions. 

Dedicated Special Purpose Vehicles have been created to look after the freight and the passenger sectors in different segments. Bullet trains being constructed by NHSCRL, set up in 2016 . Whereas, DFCCIL was set up in October 2006 to create a network of electric broad gauge freight railway lines at a likely speed of 100 km/hr . India is now actively pursuing projects for introduction of Hyperloop systems, high-speed bullet trains, and autonomous or driverless trains. The Hyperloop, which is called the fifth mode of transport promises near-supersonic speeds in vacuum tubes.  An experimental 422 mtr has already been operational in IIT Madras. Further, 40-50 kms long test track is likely to be taken up . Similarly, India’s first Bullet Train project connecting Mumbai to Ahmedabad is on schedule and likely to be operationalised by August 2027 .  Proposals for Driverless trains, on the other hand and Kavach are aimed at enhancing safety, reducing operational costs, and optimize scheduling. First Phase of the DFC project is also nearly completed and already in operation. Operationalisation of the DFC has enhanced capacity and allowed greater flexibility in the types of goods that can be carried adapting to seasonal demand and introducing digital platforms for real-time tracking and efficient logistics management .

All the above proposed transformative measures would entail huge capital expenditure. Although the initial research and development funding in niche technologies like hyperloop are presently being borne by the Government, there is need for policy reforms that create an enabling environment for private sector participation. Government must encourage public-private partnership (PPP) models and a transparent regulatory framework to infuse innovation, efficiency, and competitiveness. However, heavy operational costs may involve introducing dynamic pricing models across sectors, charging premium fares for high-speed.

Pillar II: Improve Public Transport

Inspired by the Smart City mission, India’s urban spaces are transforming into hubs of innovation and sustainability. Metro connectivity has emerged as a transformative force in India's urban mobility landscape. Enhanced penetration, increased frequency and predictable schedule have reduced commute time and offer convenience, reliability and improved travel experience at affordable rates. Infact, metro today is the most environmentally sustainable mode of mass commute  which besides decongesting the cities have also made them  more accessible, inclusive and sustainable. 

Further, in order to promote intra-region and inter-region connectivity, NCRTC was set up in July 2013 as a Joint Venture company of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi for Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) in NCR. The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS corridor, expected to open soon, will integrate most Namo Bharat stations with Delhi Metro for seamless travel. Key hubs like Sarai Kale Khan, Anand Vihar, New Ashok Nagar and Ghaziabad link directly to metro lines. With footbridges, travelators and lifts, the system aims to cut travel time, boost public transport use and sustainable urban mobility . While, there are success stories, other experiments like mono rails failed to take the expected trajectory. The MMDA Monorail in the city of Mumbai was built as a part of a major expansion of public transport. It began commercial operation in 2014 but has achieved only 10 percent of its ridership. In September 2025 it has been shut down citing power supply issues and mechanical faults, with an overload incident . 

Building and operating state of art public transport systems requires heavy capital investment, and the fares at times may be unaffordable for some. Further, However, without convenient and affordable last-mile options commuters find public transport impractical. Therefore, to encourage more widespread use of public transport, fare subsidies could be considered. Governments must explore innovative financing models such as public-private partnerships (PPPs), land value capture, green bonds, and international funding collaborations to sustain and boost these sectors as investments in urban transport is essential for economic growth, environmental sustainability, and the overall quality urban life. 

The aforesaid developments in the Public Transport Sector are not just about speed but creating more equitable cities where access to jobs, education and healthcare is no longer a matter of geography but of efficient transport. Transformative actions in this field are cutting carbon emissions, generating employments, lowering transit costs and making cities more resilient. 

Pillar III: Toll At Ease

Toll collection on national highways has consistently been a source of public dissatisfaction and controversy in India.  Time for re-payment goes well beyond the period required to recover the initial investment. Commuters frequently encounter poorly maintained roads, potholes, damaged signage, and a lack of basic amenities like lighting or emergency services. The prevalent perception therefore remains that toll collection lacks accountability and transparency. 

Moreover, traditional toll collection methodology caused fuel wastage, increased emissions and delays, especially on busy corridors and during peak hours. Introduction of FASTag which facilitated facilitate automatic digital payments and seamless travel marked the commencement of much needed reforms . The Government has also launched a National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), under which it has begun leasing out high-traffic national highways to private companies through long-term concessions. The aim is to bring in private investment to maintain and operate these roads while generating upfront revenue for the exchequer . 

In the long run, integrating smart technology with transparent governance and fair pricing would be needed to truly transform India’s highway tolling system into one that genuinely serves the interests of the public. A comprehensive, technology-driven approach is needed, including the widespread deployment of automatic number plate recognition (ANPR), GPS-based tolling, and fully electronic tolling systems that eliminate the need for physical toll booths, reduce administrative overhead and curb corruption. It is essential that the government implements not only fair pricing but also set up robust mechanisms to monitor service standards, enforce maintenance contracts, and protect public disclosure of revenue and expenditure data. This would restore trust and create a more balanced relationship between service providers and users. Making Fastags integral to vehicle registration could also be considered. 

Pillar IV: Create District Infrastructure Index

Panchayati Raj Institutions are at the heart of our Democracy. Success or failure at this level is therefore the true litmus test of Government policies and programmes. Constitutionally too, it’s the District Planning Committees who are responsible for consolidating plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities . However, considering the vast regional, socio-ethnic and economic disparities, successive Governments both at the Centre and in respective States have also funded and sponsored infrastructure projects. However, monitoring and effective implementation has remained a difficult proposition. 

Monitoring at local level was mostly through periodic reviews and physical reports. For instance, monitoring of utilisation of Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF), launched by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in 2007 was done through physical progress reports and financial audits . Even for other Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), monitoring mechanisms operated at multiple levels. Basic monitoring was done by the District Planning Committees (DPCs) and local administrative bodies. Whereas, the State Governments provided the oversight and overall performance evaluation was undertaken by the concerned line Ministries. Data in-coherence, lack of transparency and inter-agency coordination plagued effective monitoring. Stakeholders continued to operate in silos without convergence. Use of technology for automated analytics was also limited.

More recently, the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) has adopted platforms like the Rural Development Dashboard and GeoMGNREGA, which offer spatial and financial tracking   . However, introduction of the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) ushered in a paradigm shift by integrating real-time data, monthly delta rankings, and a unified dashboard (Champions of Change), enabling convergence, collaboration, and competition among Districts .As of now, the ADP covers 112 Districts whose performance are monitored and rated on 49 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The ambit of monitoring has now been expanded to Block Level . 

There could be little debate that for India to become truly Vikshit, the fruits of growth should proliferate to grassroots. Therefore, mechanism akin to  ADP may be adopted to include monitoring of all Districts. The KPIs, however could be different for different clusters depending on their specific sectoral needs being targeted through various infrastructure projects. In order to enhance accountability and maximise effectiveness, measures like conduct of District level infrastructure census (both physical and digital), creation of a national District Infrastructure Index, unified dashboard for monitoring progress in every District and harmonisation of data across agencies could be considered so that gaps are identified and interventions are prioritised. By institutionalising these measures, we can foster equitable development, bridge regional disparities, and ensure that every district becomes a hub of opportunity and resilience.

Pillar V: Build World Class Ports

India’s peninsular maritime geography offers immense opportunities for economic growth, regional connectivity and strategic influence . Notwithstanding the relative indifference of the past, India now looks at it’s maritime domain as a key enabler to it’s vision of ‘Viksit Bharat’, a vision that is best encapsulated in Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s statement “To me the blue chakra or the wheel in India’s flag represents the potential of Blue Revolution or the ocean economy. That is how central the ocean economy is to us” . 

Our coastline of 11098.81 km is dotted by 12 Major and 217 minor ports India’s maritime sector is a cornerstone of it’s economic growth, with over 95% of the trade by volume and 65% by value moving through it’s ports . Accordingly, the concept of Port led development found it’s articulation in the Sagarmala Project. Nine out of the 14 projects for port-led development under the project stand completed as on date .  Recognizing the strategic importance of this sector, the Government of India has launched a series of initiatives aimed at modernizing port infrastructure. Not surprisingly though, enhancing the capacity and efficiency of ports was one of the key initiatives listed in the Maritime India Vision 2030 (MIV 2030) .  Some of the key initiatives include two new major mega ports at Vadhavan and Galathea Bay and deep draught ports at Kandla, Paradip and Tuticorin. Modernisation and digitization of port operations to improve turn-around time and ship berth day productivity etc. have also been included to further the aims of Maritime Amritkal Vision 2047 (MAKV 2047) .  

Introduction of the Indian Ports Bill 2025 is a key legislative reform which provides a contemporary legal framework for port governance including establishment of Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) to coordinate port led development across states . Recent inauguration of second phase of JNPA Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal (BMCT) PSA India at JNPT marks a significant step towards modernization and capacity augmentation at Indian Ports . Positive outcome of these initiatives finds it’s reflection in marginal year on year increase in the volume of cargo handled and revenue generated by Indian Ports. However, no significant change is yet visible on other key macro parameters like turn around time, pre-berthing detention and output per ship berth day .

It is apparent that port sector in India is well poised to play a pivotal role in the journey towards Viksit Bharat provided  the developments are aligned to Sustainable Developmental Goals and climate imperatives. For Indian ports to emerge as alternatives to transshipment destinations like Colombo, Singapore and Port Klang, opportunities offered by digitization and automation need to be optimally harnessed to standardize documentation, remove regulatory bottlenecks and promote single window clearances whilst exchanging real-time data with international stakeholders. 

Envisioned developments in the port sector holds promise to transform Indian Ports into drivers of growth, sustainability and global outreach. However, along with timebound creation of modern ports, modernization/ privatization of existing ports needs equal impetus. Provisioning of dual use Infrastructure & dedicated berthing for security agencies must be integral to ports development plans. Besides addressing the necessities of our own economic growth, development in ports sector will enable us to offer ‘Shipping as Service’ to the entire Indian Ocean Region. While, Indian Port Bill 2025 is a progressive and a welcome step, considering the inherent international character of shipping industry, legal and regulatory framework to facilitate port state and flag state jurisdictions and coastal/ maritime security challenges needs to evolve concurrently. 

Pillar VI: Green Freight Policy

Transport sector is a key component and enabler in our economic development. However, this sector is also one of the largest direct consumers of fossil fuels, with freight transport alone accounting for almost 40% consumption . India has made an unequivocal commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 . In order to achieve this ambitious target, a transformative shift is necessitated in it’s freight and logistics which account for almost 14% of national greenhouse gas emissions  . In the recent years, the road transport infrastructure in India has witnessed unprecedented growth thereby significantly increasing it’s contribution in Freight transportation (almost 71% of total freight), making it the main contributor of logistics related emissions.   Decarbonizing this segment is vital for meeting climate goals and building a sustainable economy.

In the recent times a few firm steps have been taken in this direction. The development of Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) aims to shift cargo from road to electrified rail, reducing carbon intensity. The first phase of the project is almost ready (93% completed and operationalised) . Despite being only 4% of total railway network, it is already accounting for more than 10% of Railway’s total Freight .  Besides being totally electrically powered, introduction of Double Stack Container (DSC) trains, Higher Axle Load Trains and Trucks on Train (ToT) have enhanced the speed and brought in much needed efficiency and facilitated inter-modal transition . 

The Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP), a data based platform was launched along with the National Logistic Policy (NLP) to promote digital coordination amongst various stakeholders in the logistics sector by improving efficiency and transparency . In order to complement India’s Green Freight policy, Prime Minister’s e-drive scheme has been extended to included financial incentives for e-trucks under the FAME scheme . Further, the Maritime India Vision also aims at increasing the modal share of coastal shipping and inland water transport and the Green Port guidelines and inland waterway policies promote low-carbon maritime operations  .

Under the Amritkal Vision 2047, India envisions a future-ready logistics ecosystem that is multimodal, digitised, and environmentally sustainable . Key goals include expanding rail freight share, developing electric highways (e.g., Delhi–Jaipur pilot), tripling inland water cargo, and doubling coastal shipping by 2030. The roadmap also emphasizes green warehousing powered by renewable energy and the establishment of hydrogen and ammonia hubs at major ports .However, in order to realise the true vision of end-to-end green freight corridors, issues of high capital expenditure on electrification, ways to increase modal share of rail and waterways and adoption of clean fuel technologies in the transport sector will have to be addressed on priority. Policies to encourage public private partnerships and establishing guidelines for industry compliance need to evolve concurrently. 

Pillar VII: Single Window Auto Clearances

Facilitating Single Window Clearances has been an important focus area in Governments efforts to enhance ease of doing business and ease of living. In India, single-window clearances for the automotive sector are primarily managed through the National Single Window System (NSWS) and the Vahan portal. These digital platforms streamline various approvals and services, reducing the need for investors, entrepreneurs, and vehicle owners to approach multiple government departments. Launched in 2021 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the NSWS provides a centralized platform for businesses, including those in the automotive industry, to apply for and track central and state-level approvals .

To formalize and streamline the Vehicle Scrapping Policy, the NSWS provides a single-window system for registering an Automated Testing Station (ATS) or Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facility (RVSF). Companies can use the NSWS to apply for numerous business-related clearances required to set up manufacturing units, dealerships, and other operations. The system eliminates the need for investors to visit multiple ministry or state portals for different clearances. It integrates with existing clearance systems to provide a single, unified application form  .

Further, a single unified platform would eliminate the need for navigating through multiple government agencies, saving businesses and individuals time and resources. The online portals offer real-time tracking of applications and clear timelines, making the approval process more transparent and efficient. By reducing the need for physical visits and intermediaries, single-window systems can lower administrative costs for businesses. The simplified approval process is designed to attract investment and create a more conducive business environment in the automotive sector. In order to make the system more efficient, a clear roadmap for adoption of emerging technologies like AI and Block Chain is recommeded. Further, considering the dynamic nature of global and national climate governance, change in vehicle types and emission norms will also require to be factored by the policy makers. Needless to say, change in policy alone rarely achieves the intended aim, therefore, timely and continuous upskilling of the workforce too will have to be addressed within the policy framework.

Pillar VIII: Build Integrated Multimodal Transport System

As India aims to become a developed nation by 2047, it’s aspiring young population continues to gravitate towards it’s cities exerting pressure on  urban mobility and transport infrastructure. Despite significant capacity augmentation and innovations, traffic congestion and resultant pollution continue to remain a concern. Therefore, a transformative shift in urban mobility landscape is considered imperative.  

To accelerate urban mobility and ensure sustainable transit solutions, several transformative initiatives were launched. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNURM) of 2005 was followed by National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) to improve transport across major cities. Most BRT projects were implemented and funded under these two schemes. This was followed by National Electric Mobility Plan (NEMP) 2013. Continuing with the reforms, Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and EV (FAME) was introduced in 2015 .  The Metro rail policy was also launched in 2017. This policy mandates cities to prepare Comprehensive Mobility Plans and establish Urban Metropolitan Transport Authorities (UMTA) to promote development of integrated urban mobility solutions . Establishment of UMTA was also advocated under NUTP for cities with a million plus population . Introduction of National common Mobility Card is another progressive step . 

What began as a cautious experiment with first tracks being laid in Delhi in early 2000, metro has since become the symbol of smart urban mobility. From mere 248 km covering five cities in 2014, the metro network has expanded to 1013 km covering 23 cities today . At the same time the average daily ridership has increased from 28 Lakhs in 2013-14 to 1.12 Crores today.  With new projects getting approvals, the metro network continues to grow at the rate of about 6 km/ month . After the successful experiment of Kochi water metro, which marks a modal shift, plans to expand the water metro to 24 more cities across India is also under active consideration . Plans for expansion and improvements in the sub-urban train networks in cities like Mumbai are also afoot . 

Urban mobility in India has indeed taken some giant strides during the last few decades. However, not all experiments were successful. Experience of BRTs was totally different. In Delhi, the BRT infrastructure has been dismantled now, whereas besides exceptions like Indore, it continues to be a loss making enterprise in most other cities . Similarly, the mono rail services in Mumbai remain suspended as on date . 

It is almost certain India’s journey towards dream of a developed nation will be largely powered by the economic potential of it’s urban centres. Infrastructure in these cities, especially those sustaining mobility will therefore need substantial upgrade and future proofing. Besides measures to develop an Integrated Multimodal Transport System (IMTS) suited and customised to balance the needs of aspirational population and vision for economic growth, there is a need to harness our digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and other indigenous capability in space and telecom sector for adoption of intelligent and smart transport solutions, which are also aligned to our climate goals . 

Pillar IX: Make India An Aviation Hub

“Among the fastest-growing sectors in Bharat’s economy, aviation is one of them. We are connecting our people, culture, and prosperity through this sector. With 4 billion people, a rapidly growing middle class, and the resulting increase in demand, this is a significant driving force for the sector's development.” 

Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India

Under the visionary leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has ushered in an era of transformative growth and innovation in India's aviation sector. Driven by groundbreaking legislative reforms, extensive infrastructure expansion and an unwavering commitment to connectivity, safety, and sustainability, the Ministry has achieved landmark milestones, positioning India among the world's leading aviation markets . These, initiatives and accomplishments, reflect a robust aviation ecosystem poised to support India's ambitions of becoming a developed nation by 2047 . 

The Government has signalled it’s intent through important legislations. Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam 2024, which came into force on 1st January 2025 aims to foster indigenous manufacturing under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives, align regulations with international conventions such as the Chicago Convention and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and streamline regulatory processes by simplifying license issuance . Similarly, Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025, which aligns India’s aircraft leasing and financing framework with international standards set by the Cape Town Convention, 2001 is another example. The Bill aims to reduce aircraft leasing costs for Indian carriers. The intended impact of the Bill includes reduced risk premiums, lower interest rates, and lease costs for passengers and shippers besides likely growth of domestic leasing hubs.  

Significant infrastructure development projects are also underway including new terminals at key locations such as Varanasi, Agra, Darbhanga, and Bagdogra. Since 2014, 12 out of 21 approved Greenfield Airports have been operationalised. Furthermore, Navi Mumbai International Airport was inaugurated on 08 October 2025 .  Noida (Jewar) airport is also expected to be operational by first quarter of FY 2025-26. The government has set an ambitious target of developing 50 more airports in the next 5 years and connecting 120 new destinations in the next 10 years. A substantial CAPEX of over ₹ 91,000 crore is planned for airport infrastructure development under the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) during FY 2019-20 to FY 2024-25, with approximately ₹ 82,600 crores already spent by November 2024 . 

The Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) – Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN), now in its 9th year has operationalised 619 routes and connected 88 airports across the country. In 2024 alone, 102 new RCS routes were launched, including 20 in the North Eastern States. The scheme has facilitated affordable air travel for 1.5 crore passengers, and it aims to extend this to four crore more in the next decade through a revamped UDAN initiative to add 120 new destinations. The UDAN Yatri Café initiative, aligned with the Hon'ble Prime Minister's vision of democratising air travel, was launched to provide affordable and quality airport food options . The Guidelines for Seaplane Operations in India were launched on 22nd August 2024 .

These policy interventions have had a positive impact on aviation industry. In 2024, domestic air passenger traffic doubled to 22 crore 81 lakh. Milestone of 5 lakh passengers in a single day was also recorded for the first time on November 17, 2024. International routes also experienced substantial growth, marking an 11.4% increase in 2024. The total number of air passengers annually also exceeded 350 million, firmly establishing India as the third-largest aviation market globally . 

A significant stride towards enhancing aviation safety was the inauguration of the advanced Digital Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder (DFDR & CVR) Laboratory at the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) in New Delhi. Digi Yatra services to 24 airports have also significantly enhanced passenger convenience and security  . The Aviation sector is also leading in green energy adoption with around 80 airports now operating on 100% green energy. The aspiration is to transition over 100 airports to renewable energy sources . Rationalisation of an uniform 5% Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) rate on aircraft parts is a welcome step and will promote India as a competitive global MRO hub . However, to sustain this boom, aspects related to availability of trained pilots and other aviation professionals needs to be factored. Development of training and accreditation facilities need to keep pace with other developments. 

Pillar X : Comprehensive Infrastructure Ratings

As on date, India does not have a single, universal infrastructure rating. Instead, its infrastructure development is rated based on performance across sectors, progress on major projects like the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), and overall strategic frameworks. While significant progress has been made, challenges remain in funding, project execution, and sustainable development. However, there is yet no true "comprehensive infrastructure rating"  . 

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Global Innovation Index 2025 has placed India at 61st in infrastructure, highlighting a need for further development. Infrastructure development in rural sector is being plagued by population growth, urban congestion, housing shortages and pollution. Further, the challenges related to project financing, land acquisition, environmental clearances also persist. These issues result at times result in quality concerns both in content and delivery of infrastructure projects. Poor quality, delays and cost overruns are commonplace. 

Therefore, there is a clear and apparent need for performance based ratings harmonised to factor developments and performance across sectors . National highways have grown exponentially, from approximately 91,300 km in 2014 to over 146,000 km by 2024. The pace of construction has also increased dramatically. Vision 2047 aims to further expand the national highway network to 237,000 km and develop 200,000–230,000 km of expressways. The Indian Railways has also made significant strides. Mega-projects like the Dedicated Freight Corridors and high-speed rail are underway. Ports also have improved their efficiency, with a faster turnaround time than major global competitors, as noted in the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index 2023. Vision 2047 targets expanding port capacity from 2,600 MTPA to over 10,000 MTPA, along with developing inland waterways. The number of operational airports has doubled to over 150 by 2024, with a goal to triple that number by 2047.

Renewable energy sector is a key focus, with over 50% of energy investments under the NIP directed toward renewables. India is on track to meet its climate commitments and transition to non-fossil fuel sources, with ambitious targets for 2030.

Expansion of the Digital infrastructure aimed at widespread access and bridging the urban-rural divide, integration of emerging technologies for planning and managing infrastructure projects has also needs to be a key criteria in infrastructure rating systems. A Strategic Framework-based Rating  can also be adopted as India's infrastructure development is guided by key strategic frameworks and policies. Their success and progress can be considered a rating of the overall system.

Conclusion

The ongoing development of mega-projects such as the Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC) and high-speed rail represents a transformative phase in India’s infrastructure landscape. These initiatives aim to decongest existing rail networks, enhance freight efficiency, and introduce world-class passenger mobility solutions. By reducing transit times, lowering logistics costs, and improving connectivity between industrial hubs and urban centres, they are expected to generate significant economic spillovers, attract investment, and strengthen India’s global competitiveness. 

To maximize their impact, a few recommendations are crucial. First, ensuring timely execution and transparent monitoring mechanisms will prevent cost overruns and delays. Secondly, adopting sustainable practices will align these projects with long-term environmental goals. Thirdly, fostering public-private partnerships can mobilize additional resources and expertise. Finally, integrating these mega-projects with regional development plans and last-mile connectivity will ensure that benefits reach a wider population. Most importantly, considering resource limitations, it is imperative that various segments of infrastructure compliment each other without duplication and integrate seamlessly with legacy systems to optimise cost and maximise land use.

Endnotes

• India’s vision for Viksit Bharat Needs Infrastructure Push/ Economic Times/ 04 October 2025, 10: 26 AM IST/ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-vision-for-viksit-bharat-needs-infrastructure-push-amitabh-kant/articleshow/124302413.cms/ accessed on 04 October 2025.

• https://worldostats.com/country-stats/railway-network-by-country/ accessed on 28 September 2025.

• Ibid.

• https://www.nhsrcl.in/accessed on 03 October 2025.

• https://www.india.gov.in/website-dedicated-freight-corridor-corporation-india-dfccil accessed on 28 September 2025

• Mishra Twesh/ India set to build world’s longest hyperloop test track for future transportation/ Economic Times Bureau/ 26 February 2025, 09:30 AM IST/ https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/india-set-to-build-worlds-longest-hyperloop-test-track-for-future-transportation/118570738 accessed on 10 October 2025.

• Mondal Anish/ India’s first bullet train to run in August 2027, says Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw/ The Indian Express/ 11 October 2025/ https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-first-bullet-train-run-august-2027-ashwini-vaishnaw-route-10297257/ accessed on 11 October 2025.

• https://dfccil.com/Home/ProgressStatusImage acceessed on 03 September 2025.

• https://ncrtc.in/about-us-overview/ accessed on 10 October 2025.

• Ozarkar Vallabah/ Mumbai Monorail comes to a halt: why services are suspended, what’s the road ahead/ Indian Express/17 September 2025, 06:56 PM IST/ https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mumbai-monorail-why-services-are-suspended-road-ahead-10255743/ accessed on 20 September 2025.

• https://nhai.gov.in/nhai/sites/default/files/mix_file/FAQ-FASTag.pdf accessed on 30 September 2025.

•  https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/Asset%20Monetization%20Pipeline.pdf accessed on 10 October 2025.

• Article 243ZD/ PartIXA/ Committee for District Planning/ https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-243zd-committee-for-district-planning/ accessed on 28 Aug 2025

• Reply to Lok Sabha Starred Question 328 answered on 03 Jan 2019/ https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/16/AS328.pdf?source=pqals/ accessed on 03 October 2025

• https://rural.gov.in/ accessed on 06 October 2025 

•Press Information Bureau/ New Portal Under Bhuvan “Yuktdhara” will Facititate Planning of New MGNREGA assets using Remote Sensing and GIS Based Information: Union Minister Jitendra Singh/ 23 August 2021, 5:36 PM/ Delhi/ https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1748294 accessed on 06 October 2025.         vv

• https://championsofchange.gov.in/dashboard accessed on 23 September 2025.

• Niti Aayog/ Aspirational Districts Programmes/ Aspirational Blocks Programme/ https://www.niti.gov.in/aspirational-districts-programme/ accessed on 05 September 2025.

• Address by Hon’ble President of India, Smt Draupadi Murmu at Day at Sea/ Goa/ 07 November 2024/ https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-06/sp07112024.pdf accessed on 30 Sep 2025.

• GoI/ Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister/ New Delhi/ September 2020/India’s Blue Economy/ A draft Policy Framework

• GoI/Ministry of Port, Shipping and Waterways circular MR-14011/1/2024-TRW(S) dt 29 April 2025/ https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Length%20of%20Indias%20Coastline%20Circular_0.pdf accessed on 13 September 2025. 

• GoI/ Ministry of Port Shipping and Waterways/ Basic Port Statistics of India-2023-24/ 16 Jul 2025/ https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Basic%20Port%20Statistics%20of%20India%202023-24%20%281%29.pdf accessed on 07 September 2025.

• Abhisekh/Key Bills to Steer India’s Voyage to AmritKal/ The Hindu Bussinessline/ 25 Aug 2025/ Key Bills to steer India’s voyage to ‘Amrit Kaal’ - The Hindu BusinessLine accessed on 12 Sep 25.

• SagarMala - Port-led Industrialization, Coastal Economic Zones, Coastal Economic Units, Government of India

• GoI/ Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways/ Maritime India Vision 2030/ https://sagarmala.gov.in/sites/default/files/MIV%202030%20Report.pdf accessed on 31 August 2025.

• PIB Delhi/ Ministry of Port Shipping and Waterways/ Maritime Amritkal Vision 2047/ 03 December 2025/ 12:44 PM/  https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2080010 accessed on 29 August 2025

• Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department)/ Gazette of India Extraordinary CG-DL-E-22082025-265616/ 21 August 2025/ Indian Ports Act , 2025/ https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/indian%20Ports%20Act%2C%202025_0.pdf accessed on 18 September 2025

• Times of India/ India’s Largest Container Terminal Inaugurated at JNPT in Navi Mumbai/ 04 September 2025/ 21:48 IST/  https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/indias-largest-container-terminal-inaugurated-at-jnpt-in-navi-mumbai/articleshow/123702872.cms accessed on 05 September 2025.

• GoI/ Ministry of Port Shipping and Waterways/ Basic Port Statistics of India-2023-24/ 16 Jul 2025 ibid.

• Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/ Freight Green House Gas Calculator/ Delhi/ June 2022/ P. 1 https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/Freight_GHG_Calculator_Methodology_Report.pdf accessed on 23 September 2025.

• PIB Delhi/ Ministry of Science and Technology/ 28 September 2023, 6:28 PM/ India’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 accessed on 21 Sep 2025

• Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/ Op.cit. 

• Ibid.

• https://dfccil.com/Home/ProgressStatusImage accessed on 06 September 2025.

• Dedicated Freight Corridor of India Ltd/ Annual report 2023-24/ https://dfccil.com/images/uploads/img/DFCCIL-Annual-Report-2024_Final_3M0F.pdf accessed on 06 September 2025.

• Ibid.

• https://dpiit.gov.in/logistics/unified-logistics-interface-platform accessed on 05 September 2025

•  Press Information Bureau/India Rolls Out First Ever e-Truck incentive scheme junder PM Modi’s Green Mobility Vision/ Delhi/ 11 Jul 2025, 2:45PM/https://pmedrive.heavyindustries.gov.in/docs/press_release/PIB%20Release%20on%20Roll%20out%20of%20Guidelines%20for%20e-trucks%2011%2007%202025.pdf accessed on 13 September 2025.

• Agarwal Girish/ Green Ports: Policy Pust, Tech Integration & Infra Advancement for Sustainable Operations/ET Government/ 17 November 2024/ Green ports: Policy push, tech integration & infra advancement for sustainable operations, ETGovernment accessed on 21 September 2025.

• PIB/Ministry of Port Shipping and Waterways/ Maritime Amritkal Vision 2047/Delhi/ 03 December 2047, 12:44 PM/ https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2080010 accessed on 21 September 2025.

• https://www.insightsonindia.com/2025/04/19/decarbonising-indias-logistics-sector/ accessed on 02 October 2025.

• https://www.nsws.gov.in/ accessed on 08 October 2025.

• https://www.india.gov.in/website-national-single-window-system-nsws-business-approvals/ accessed on 07 October 2025.

• Harsha Vajjarapu/ Bus Rapid transit in India-A compendium Report/ Occassional Research Paper Series- III/ International Centre for Environment Audit and Sustainable Development/ p.52/ Jaipur/ 2022/ https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/1-Bus-Rapid-Transit-In-India-A-Compendium-Report-1-0664712180f6891-87119971.pdf accessed on 20 September 2025.

• India’s Metro revolution: from miles to milestones/ Backgrounders/ PIB/ 09 Aug 2025/ https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025810604101.pdf accessed on 06 October 2025.

• Harsha Vajjarapu/ Op.cit.

• Indian Express/National Common Mobility Card: All you need to know, from features to application process about NCMC/ 15 February 2024, 08:38 AM IST/ https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/national-common-mobility-card-ncmc-all-you-need-to-know-from-features-to-application-process-9156836/ accessed on 02 October 2025.

• India’s Metro revolution/ Op.cit.

• Ibid.

• ET Infra.com/Kochi Water Metro makes waves: Centre eyes rollout in 24 cities/ 09 April 2025, 03:18 PM IST/Kochi Water Metro makes waves: Centre eyes rollout in 24 cities, ETInfra accessed on 28 September 2025.

• Arya Avni/ Mumbai Rail Network to Get Major Overhaul:250 New Urban Services Planned/ Mumbai Now/ 25 July 2024, 13:33 IST/ Mumbai Rail Network to Get Major Overhaul: 250 New Suburban Services Planned | Mumbai News - Times Now accessed on 09 Oct 2025.

• Harsha Vajjarapu/ Op.cit. 

• Ozarkar Vallabah/ Mumbai Monorail/ Op.cit

• Elassy Mohamed et al/ Intelligent Transportation Systems for sustainable smart cities/ Transportation Engineering 16 (2024) 100252/ www.sciencedirect.com/journal/transportation-engineering accessed on 03 October 2025.

• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2123537 accessed on 25 September 2025.

• https://constructiontimes.co.in/Mission-Viksit-Bharat:-Civil-Aviations-role-in-building-Indias-future-by-2047

• Bharitya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024/ https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/20589?locale=en/ accessed on 11 October 2025.

• https://www.varindia.com/news/india-charts-aviation-growth-path-for-viksit-bharat-2047 accessed on 04 October 2025.

• Navi Mumbai International Airport Inaugrated by PM Modi: Mumbai gets New Airport-Top Things to Know/ ToI Business Desk/ Times of India. Indiatimes.com/ 08 October 2025. 17:06 IST

• https://www.india.gov.in/websiyte-national-infrastructure-pipeline-nip accessed on 23 September 2025.

• https://aviationworld.in/indias-aviation-future-takes-flight-leaders-reimaging-infrastructure-for-viksit-bharat-2047/

• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2047808 accessed on 03 October 2025.

•  https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2123537/ Op.cit.

• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2163919 accessed on 05 October 2025.

•https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2123537/Op.cit..https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/5-uniform-igst-to-expand-the-tax-base-and-augment-revenue-says-legal-experts/111809430#:~:text=With%20effect%20from%20July%2015%2C%202024%2C%20Union%20Civil,is%20a%20major%20boost%20for%20the%20aviation%20sector accessed on 09 October 2025.

• https://www.makeinindia.com/national-infrastructure-pipeline-building-india/ accessed on 02 October 2025.

• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2082748/ accessed on 02 October 2025.

• https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/national-infrastructure-pipeline/ accessed on 02 October 2025.

• https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Viksit_Bharat_2047_Governance_Transformed.pdf.