The Overview of Artificial Intelligence

The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes how computers, particularly computer systems, may simulate human intelligence processes. AI can do a vast range of tasks, from basic math operations to complex problem-solving, and it can even display characteristics of human cognition including perception, learning, and reasoning.

Since its inception, the idea of AI has undergone substantial development. AI is everywhere these days, influencing economies, society, and industries. Its capacity to analyse vast amounts of data fast and correctly has made it a vital tool in fields including healthcare, banking, education, entertainment, and transportation. India’s AI market to reach USD 7.8 billion by 2025,” says IDC’s latest report on AI IDC predicts that the India AI software market will grow from USD 2,767.5 million in 2020 to USS 6,358.8 million in 2025, at a CAGR of 18.1%. The COVID-19 pandemic was a significant catalyst era. India AI Vision @75 camp up with 75 case studies of successful and impactful AI use cases implemented across India by various government agencies, corporate, startups and academia. These use cases will inspire readers and prompt them to explore adoption of AI. The AI market share of the IT services industry in India reached 51.8 per cent in 2021.

HISTORY OF AI

The concept of inanimate objects possessing intelligence was first studied in ancient myths and philosophies, which is where the area of artificial intelligence originated. Nonetheless, the mid-1900s saw the official beginning of AI as a field.

1950s: John McCarthy first used the phrase "Artificial Intelligence" in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference, which officially launched AI as a scientific discipline. Early studies emphasised symbolic approaches and problem-solving techniques.

1960s–1980s: Advancements in these years included the advent of neural networks, the development of expert systems, and machine learning. AI had both its first significant boom and downturn, which is known as the "AI Winter"—a time of decreased funding and interest in AI research.

1960s–1980s: Advancements in these years included the advent of neural networks, the development of expert systems, and machine learning. AI had both its first significant boom and downturn, which is known as the "AI Winter"—a time of decreased funding and interest in AI research.

1990s–2000s: The expansion of the internet made it possible to access enormous volumes of data, and advances in processing power gave AI research a new lease on life. Notable accomplishments include the 1997 victory of IBM's Deep Blue against world chess champion Garry Kasparov and the emergence of AI in useful applications.

2010s–Present: Significant advancements in deep learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and computer vision have caused an exponential acceleration in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2016, a world champion Go player was defeated by Google's AlphaGo, proving AI's ability to perform better than human professionals in challenging tasks.

Figure 1: History of AI

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence (AI) comes in several forms. Narrow AI is intended for specialised jobs like virtual assistants, whereas general AI can do any intellectual work that a human can. Reactive AI, restricted memory AI, theory of mind AI, and self-aware AI are further varieties, each with a different degree of complexity and power. Based on its range and power, artificial intelligence may be divided into three categories:

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): A specific type of artificial intelligence called Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), also referred to as weak AI, has the ability to carry out a single task or a group of associated tasks. ANI's capabilities are limited, and as humans, it lacks general intelligence as well as an ability to comprehend and acquire up new information.

Here are some examples of tools that use narrow ANI:

i. Voice Assistants: Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are examples of gadgets that are are designed to comprehend and react to certain speech commands, like playing music, sending out weather information, or setting reminders.

ii. Recommendation Systems: These systems analyse user preferences and behavior to make content recommendations for streaming services, social media networks, and e-commerce platforms.

iii. Email Filtering: To categorise incoming emails and filter out spam, services like Gmail use narrow AI.

iv. Chatbots: These conversational assistants can be utilised on websites and messaging apps, as well as for customer support.

v. Language Translation: Google Translate, Indian Application BHASHINI and other apps use weak artificial intelligence to translate languages.

vi. Image and Speech Recognition: These technologies are used in applications for facial recognition and security cameras to automatically identify people in photos.

vii. Self-driving Vehicles: These include autonomous or semi-autonomous cars, drones, boats, and factory robot.

Indian Use Case: AI Application, BHASHINI (Breaking Language Barrier Across India)

With the goal to assure that every citizen may easily access digital services in their native tongue, BHASHINI intends to circumvent linguistic obstacles. BHASHINI has the ability to close the gap connecting technology and speech by using voice as a medium. Under the National Language technological Mission, BHASHINI was inaugurated in July 2022 by Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi with the goal of offering technological translation services in 22 scheduled Indian languages.

BHASHINI SERVICES

1. Automatic Speech Recognition: Powerful technology that allows computers to understand spoken language and convert it into text.

2. Text to Speech: A text-to-speech (TTS) model converts written text into spoken words using synthesized voices, typically offering options for both male and female speakers.

3. Text Language Detection: Detects language from text input automatically.

PRODUCTS

1. Anuvaad: Web Service Text Translation (An innovative technology that seamlessly converts text from one language to another language).

2. Chitraanuvaad : Video translation (Chitraanuvaad is an AI-based open- source platform to perform video translation for various Bhartiya languages).

3. Lekhaanuvaad: Document translation (Document translation and digitization across various Bhartiya languages, ensuring clear and accurate communication).

4. Bhashini Translation Plugin: Web Translation Plugin (Effortlessly translate webpage content across multiple Indic languages with our powerful plugin).

5. Vaanianuvaad: Speech-to-Speech translation (Real-time speech-to-speech translation for Bhartiya languages, facilitating seamless communication across different languages).

Figure 2: Bhashini's Building Blocks Source: https://bhashini.gov.in/bhashini-ecosystem

Figure 3: Screenshot of BHASHINI : Text to Speech

Figure 4: Screenshot of BHASHINI: Speech to Text

Overarching purpose Artificial Intelligence (AI) (GPAI) systems are capable of performing an extensive spectrum of operations and have many potential applications, both planned and unplanned. GPAI systems are capable of performing tasks including question answering, pattern recognition, audio and video generation, image and speech recognition, and translation. GPAI systems can be developed for a variety of downstream tasks or applications as they are trained on enormous amounts of data.

Examples Chat-GPT is an example of a GPAI system.

1. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): AGI can carry out any intellectual task that a human performs as it has intelligence similar to that of a human. It has the ability to reason, learn, and adjust to new situations. Although there is not any real AGI at present, research and development is still going on. The potential use case of AGI is the development and execution of AGI could assist society in many ways. A key benefit is its capacity to resolve difficult issues that are currently beyond human comprehension, which could transform industries like healthcare and climate change management. Additionally, through automation and optimisation, AGI has the ability to considerably boost productivity and efficiency across a range of industries. Human time could be given up for more innovative and satisfying activities as a result of this enhanced productivity. Furthermore, AGI-controlled systems may improve safety in sectors like transportation through self-driving cars. Another significant aspect is convenience, as chatbots and virtual assistants driven by Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) offer continuous help and support.

2. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): The term "Artificial Superintelligence" (ASI) describes a potential form of AI that is more intelligent than humans in every domain, from scientific research to the creative arts. ASI may exceed the best human minds in every field, unlike modern AI, which is only effective at particular tasks. Super AI and superintelligent AI are other names for ASI. Theoretically, ASI's superior abilities which include creativity, problem- solving skills, general intelligence, social skills, and cognition would be applicable to a wide range of fields and industries.

The following are real-life examples of AI systems that potentially act as the foundation for upcoming ASI systems:

 Autonomous vehicles, like Teslas.

 Applications of machine learning that help physicians diagnose and treat patients

Figure 5: Different Types of AI Source: mksaad.wordpress.com

IMPORTANT AI TECHNOLOGIES

Several technologies and subfields contribute to the creation and improvement of AI:

Figure 6: Important AI Technology

Machine Learning (ML): Without explicit programming, machine learning—a subset of artificial intelligence—allows computers to learn from their experiences and advance. ML algorithms are categorised as follows:

Figure 7: ML Algorithms Source: Natrajan Siva

Supervised Learning: A subfield of machine learning called supervised learning has gained a lot of attention from data scientists, tech enthusiasts, and companies. It is the foundation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and provides ground-breaking answers to a variety of practical issues, revolutionising our perceptions of and interactions with the world. In-depth discussions of the fundamental ideas, approaches, and uses of supervised learning across a range of sectors will be covered in this extensive reference.

Unsupervised Learning: Unsupervised learning is a branch of machine learning in which the algorithm gains knowledge from unlabelled data without the need for target variables or predetermined outputs. Finding patterns, similarities, or groups in the data allows unsupervised learning to get insights and make data- driven choices. For huge datasets, where hand labelling would be expensive or impracticable, it is very helpful.

Reinforcement Learning: A sort of machine learning approach called reinforcement learning uses repeated trial-and-error interactions with a dynamic environment to teach a computer agent how to complete a job. This kind of learning allows the agent to create a sequence of choices that maximise a task's reward metric without the need for human interaction or explicit programming to complete the job. AI systems that have been trained via reinforcement learning outperform human players in video games and board games like chess and go. Reinforcement learning is by no means a novel idea, but recent advancements in deep learning and processing capacity have enabled some impressive outcomes in the field of automation.

Figure 8: Types of Machine Learning

Deep Learning: Using neural networks with several layers—hence the term "deep"—deep learning is a more sophisticated type of machine learning. It works especially well for tasks like speech and picture recognition.

Figure 9: Machine and Deep Learning

Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is the study of how language is used to communicate between people and machines. Sentiment analysis, voice-activated AI systems, and language translation are some examples of applications.

Figure 10: NLP Application

In the future, international collaboration will be essential for standardising procedures, exchanging best practices, and tackling worldwide issues via AI- enabled governance. Governments will be better equipped to address difficult problems like pandemics, climate change, and cybersecurity if they invest in the appropriate use of AI. AI has the potential to completely transform government, making it more inclusive, flexible, and citizen-focused with proper design and stakeholder participation.

Responsible AI adoption is key to the future of governance; it will not only increase productivity but also build systems that support sustainability, equity, and trust. Governments must make sure that, as they take use of AI's promise, it advances society and equips people to face tomorrow's challenges fairly and strategically.

Computer Vision: This discipline enables machines to analyse and make judgments based on visual inputs. Autonomous cars, facial recognition, and medical imaging all make use of computer vision.

Robotics: AI is a vital component of robotics, enabling robots to execute tasks independently or semi-autonomously. Robots outfitted with AI can navigate, communicate with humans, and make choices in real time.

AI APPLICATIONS

Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the healthcare industry by improving diagnostic precision, tailoring therapies, and streamlining hospital operations. AI-enabled devices can perform surgery, evaluate medical imaging, and forecast patient outcomes. For instance, using a wealth of medical data, IBM's Watson for Oncology helps physicians create individualised treatment programs for cancer patients.

Statistics: By 2026, AI applications in the healthcare sector may be able to save the sector $150 billion yearly, according to report.

Finance: By enhancing fraud detection, automating trade, and delivering individualised banking experiences, artificial intelligence has completely changed the financial sector. Large datasets are analysed by algorithms in order to find patterns and anomalies in the market. For instance, portfolio management and investment advice are provided by AI-powered robo-advisors.

Statistics: By 2035, AI is predicted to bring $1.2 trillion in value to the financial services sector.

Figure 11: Top Artificial Intelligence use Cases

Transportation: One of the most talked-about uses of AI is autonomous vehicles, or AVs. AI gives self-driving cars the ability to see impediments, navigate complicated situations, and make judgements instantly. As an illustration, Tesla's Autopilot system makes use of AI to help with parking, driving, and even passing other cars.

Statistics: At a compound annual growth rate of 39.47%, the market for autonomous vehicles is expected to reach $556.67 billion globally by 2026.

Retail & E-Commerce: Supply chain optimisation, automated customer support, and personalised suggestions are how artificial intelligence is changing the retail industry. Recommendation engines improve user experience, while AI-powered chatbots offer immediate customer service. As an illustration, more than 35% of Amazon's total sales come from their AI-powered recommendation engine.

Manufacturing: By enabling predictive maintenance, streamlining production lines, and guaranteeing quality control, AI improves manufacturing efficiency. AI- driven systems can save downtime by anticipating equipment faults before they happen.

Statistics: According to McKinsey, the application of AI in manufacturing is predicted to boost productivity by up to 20%.

DIFFICULTIES AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has several drawbacks and ethical issues despite its advantages.

Fairness and Bias: Since AI systems are taught on data, they will reinforce any biases present in the data. Discriminatory behaviours may result from this, especially in areas like lending, hiring, and law enforcement.

Statistics: An MIT research from 2018 discovered that persons of colour and women were more likely to be incorrectly identified by face recognition algorithms, with mistake rates for darker-skinned females reaching 34.7%.

Job Displacement: AI-driven automation has the potential to eliminate millions of jobs, especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, and customer service. It is anticipated, meanwhile, to also open up new possibilities for AI monitoring, upkeep, and advancement.

Statistics: By 2025, AI may cause the loss of 85 million jobs while concurrently creating 97 million new ones, according to the World Economic Forum.

Security and Privacy: AI systems are susceptible to hacking, which might result in the disclosure of private data. Furthermore, there are privacy issues with AI being used for spying.

Statistics: It is anticipated that the global market for AI cybersecurity would reach $38.2 billion by 2026, up from $8.6 billion in 2019.

Autonomous Weapons: The creation of weaponry driven by AI presents moral conundrums. Since autonomous weapons are capable of operating without human assistance, questions of accountability and abuse danger arise.

Future of Artificial Intelligence

In the ensuing decades, AI is predicted to continue changing society and industry. The following new developments will influence AI in the future:

AI and Quantum Computing: Combined, these two technologies hold the potential to address a wide range of challenging issues, from drug discovery to cryptography, that are beyond the capabilities of present computers.

AI-Human Collaboration: Future AI systems are probably going to improve human skills rather than replace them. AI might help physicians diagnose patients more accurately, for instance, rather than taking their place in the medical field.

Ethical AI Development: As AI becomes more commonplace, developing ethical AI systems will receive increasing attention. Governments and organisations are putting up structures to guarantee AI is accountable, transparent, and fair.

AI in Education: AI-powered personalised learning will revolutionise the field of education. While predictive analytics can assist educators in identifying kids who are at-risk, AI tutors can offer students personalised guidance.

Statistics: With a 45.12% compound annual growth rate, the market for AI in education is expected to reach $10.38 billion by 2026.

Generative AI in a Nutshell: Revolutionizing Creativity and Innovation

Artificial Intelligence (AI) generatively redefines machine capabilities and extends beyond traditional automation, sweeping the globe. In contrast to conventional AI models, which identify patterns and carry out classification tasks, generative AI generates original text, picture, audio, and even video material. With its wide range of uses, generative AI has established itself as a keystone of innovation, posing both new obstacles and possibilities. This essay explores the fundamentals of generative AI, bolstered with pertinent data that shows the field's expanding impact.

What is Generative AI?

Systems that create fresh data comparable to training data by applying Machine Learning (ML) models are referred to as generative AI systems. Neural networks, in particular Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and Transformers, are frequently used in the construction of these models. For example:

In order to produce realistic photos, GANs are frequently utilised in photo-editing software and deepfake films. Transformers are the foundation of Large Language Models (LLMs) that can produce text that appears human, such as OpenAI's GPT models and sophisticated chatbots.

Figure 12: Generative AI Nutshell

One branch of AI called "generative AI" is concerned with teaching robots to create unique and imaginative material. Generative AI may learn from data and produce content on its own, in contrast to classical AI, which follows preset rules. Utilising intricate algorithms and neural networks, this technology recognises patterns and generates results that resemble the creative abilities of humans. The promise of generative AI to completely transform sectors makes it significant. Generative AI techniques are opening doors to increased productivity, creativity, and innovation in a variety of fields, including software development and content production. Businesses are using these technologies more and more to improve productivity, cut down on human labour, and open up previously unthinkable opportunities.

According to a recent industry analysis on the topic, Generative AI (GenAI) might boost India's GDP by up to 1.5 trillion dollars by 2030. One distinct type of artificial intelligence system that can create different kinds content, such as text, images, and audio, is called generative AI.

THE MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH OF GENERATIVE AI

The need for creative tools, more accessible data, and technology improvements have all contributed to the explosive growth in the use of generative AI. Key data on market size and anticipated growth are as follows:

Market Value: The generative AI market was estimated to be worth $13.71 billion in 2023. From 2023 to 2030, it is expected to expand at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 34.1%, reaching $109.37 billion.

Enterprise Adoption: Approximately 40% of organisations have used generative AI technologies, and 70% of companies anticipate that these tools will revolutionise business processes over the next three years, according to a McKinsey research (2023).

Impact on Cost and Efficiency: According to a Gartner study, companies using generative AI may increase productivity by up to 30%. Writing, design, and software development are among the creative activities that are becoming less time-consuming due to automation through AI-generated content.

What Lie Ahead for Generative AI?

Generative AI has a bright future thanks to ongoing advancements in accessibility and technology. Among the major tendencies that will influence the future are:

The Democratisation of Innovation

Complex content creation will become possible for people without technical expertise as generative AI technologies become more widely available. This tendency is already evident in the way that non-professionals can easily create design thanks to platforms like Canva and DALL-E.

AI-Powered Cooperation

Teams are collaborating differently thanks to tools like Notion AI and Miro AI, which generate ideas, recommend content, and visualise workflows in real time.

Industry-Specific Models: Upcoming research may concentrate on developing generative models tailored to the legal, financial, and medical fields.

Emergence of AI Agents: Future AI systems will go beyond content creation to become agents that can work independently on projects like document draughting or financial data analysis with little assistance from humans.

CONCLUSION

Among the technologies that are changing our world the most at the moment is artificial intelligence. Even though industry and society are already changing as a result of its applications, AI's entire potential is yet unknown. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has great potential for transforming healthcare, education, finance, and other fields through its breakthroughs in machine learning, robotics, and quantum computing. But this potential also means that the ethical and societal implications of AI must be carefully considered. In order to reap the benefits of AI without aggravating current disparities or creating new hazards, it will be imperative to ensure that it is developed ethically, with an emphasis on justice, transparency, and accountability.

The use of generative AI in innovation and creation has created new opportunities. It is poised to revolutionise a number of sectors with applications in software development, healthcare, and content production. The market for generative AI is expected to develop, as seen by adoption rates and data, which show how much demand there is for these technologies. To responsibly realise its full potential, generative AI must overcome obstacles pertaining to prejudice, disinformation, and regulatory issues. As technology advances, it will be crucial for companies, governments, and the general public to find a balance between using its advantages and reducing its hazards. Generative AI is expected to revolutionise the creative environment and spur innovation in daily life in the years to come. Some of the statistics of AI in different sectors are like AI in Healthcare: $150 billion potential savings by 2026, AI in Finance: $1.2 trillion projected value addition by 2035, autonomous vehicles: $556.67 billion market size by 2026 and job displacement 85 million jobs displaced by 2025; 97 million new jobs created as World Economic Forum data.

1.1 : INTRODUCTION TO AI GOVERNANCE

Around the world, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing how public institutions and governments operate by offering more automation, data-driven decision- making, and efficiency. India has distinct governance concerns because of its huge and diversified population, such as resource allocation problems, administrative bottlenecks, and differing socioeconomic development levels. In India, governance frameworks are rapidly incorporating AI technologies as they advance in order to address pressing issues facing the public sector.

AI has the potential to revolutionise policymaking, healthcare, law enforcement, agriculture, education, and citizen services. It includes machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), robots, and predictive analytics. India's overall digital transformation strategy is reflected in its deployment of AI for governance. The government hopes to improve services for its inhabitants by using emerging technology through programs like Digital India.

India's AI Governance and Policy Frameworks

Early on, the Indian government acknowledged the significance of AI and created regulations to direct its advancement. The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NSAI), which was unveiled by NITI Aayog in 2018, is among the historic projects. "AI for All," a strategy aimed at utilising AI inclusively to benefit all citizens, is the main objective of the NSAI. The plan addresses issues including prejudice, privacy violations, and technological abuse while emphasising the use of AI for societal empowerment, innovation, and research.

To demonstrate the potential of AI for public administration, India hosted the Responsible AI for Social Empowerment (RAISE) summit in 2020. The NSAI estimates that artificial intelligence (AI) may contribute around $500 billion to India's GDP by 2025 and increase the country's annual growth rate by 1.3% by 2035. Additionally, to promote research, innovation, and public-private partnerships for governance applications, the government established AI Centres of Excellence (CoEs) within NASSCOM.

India's National AI Mission (NAIM) and National Digital Health Mission (NDHM), which seek to incorporate AI into law enforcement, healthcare, education, and agriculture, are also in line with the country's AI framework. Together, these regulations create a framework for digital governance that emphasises effectiveness, openness, and responsibility.

AI is revolutionising food distribution, water management, sanitation, and public cleaning while promoting socioeconomic growth. Robots and sensors driven by AI are used in sanitation to automate garbage collection, keep an eye on cleanliness, and optimise cleaning schedules. AI is used in water management to identify leaks, assess usage trends, and guarantee fair distribution. By tracking storage conditions, Artificial Intelligence (AI) in food systems forecasts demand, reduces waste, and enhances supply networks. AI-powered solutions also aid in monitoring disease outbreaks linked to water quality or sanitation, enhancing public health. AI improves living conditions, encourages fair access to necessary services, and helps sustainable urban growth by boosting productivity and cutting down on resource waste.

Applications of AI in Healthcare Governance

AI has been used extensively in India's healthcare system. AI-powered early detection models and predictive analytics have raised the standard of public health care delivery. The Aarogya Setu app, which was released during the COVID-19 epidemic, is one well-known example. By 2022, this AI-powered app had over 240 million downloads and included real-time COVID-19 case tracking, contact tracing, and health recommendations. The software demonstrated AI's potential for crisis management and emergency governance.

The government's eSanjeevani Telemedicine Platform, which offers individuals in both urban and rural locations virtual consultations, is another example of achievement. AI systems streamline appointments, lowering hospital workloads and enhancing patient access to medical treatment. Over 100 million consultations have been conducted by eSanjeevani as of 2023, proving the effectiveness of AI- powered healthcare governance.

In the next ten years, AI integration in healthcare may lower diagnosis mistakes by forty percent and lower patient treatment expenses by twenty percent, according to a research by NITI Aayog. The public health environment is being further transformed by AI-based technologies that optimise hospital resource allocation and forecast illness outbreaks.

AI in Rural Governance and Agriculture

With more than 58% of the workforce employed in the agricultural sector, India is a crucial location for the use of AI. Food security has increased thanks to the government's use of AI-based agricultural monitoring systems that offer precise production forecasts. These tools assist farmers in making data-driven decisions by forecasting crop yields using satellite images and machine learning. The use of AI has increased agricultural earnings in Maharashtra and Karnataka by reducing crop losses by 30%.

In order to monitor soil health and identify pest infestations, the government also encourages precision agriculture through the use of IoT sensors and drones with AI capabilities. By facilitating prompt responses, these instruments raise agricultural output. AI technologies are included into the PM-KISAN program, which provides financial assistance to farmers, to improve targeting and distribution and guarantee that funds reach the most worthy recipients.

Additionally, AI has improved weather prediction accuracy, which is important for farmers. According to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), AI-enabled meteorological models have increased monsoon forecast accuracy by 15%, lowering the hazards associated with erratic rainfall.

AI in Public Safety and Law Enforcement

By offering predictive tools for preventing crime and enhancing public safety, artificial intelligence is revolutionising law enforcement in India. In order to improve surveillance and instantly identify offenders, Facial Recognition Systems (FRS) have been installed in public areas, train stations, and airports. Using AI- based face recognition software, the Delhi Police recorded a 91% success rate in locating missing children, which helped to boost recovery rates by 30%.

In order to effectively allocate resources, predictive policing methods are being utilised to analyse crime data and forecast possible hotspots. AI-powered traffic management systems that track congestion trends and improve traffic signals have been implemented in cities like Hyderabad and Bangalore. These solutions have improved urban transportation, decreased carbon emissions, and cut waiting times at crossings by 12%.

AI-powered applications that support legal research and case management are another example of how AI is being used into governance in court systems. In an effort to decrease the backlog of more than 40 million pending cases nationwide, Indian courts are experimenting with AI techniques to expedite case processing.

AI in Learning and Developing Skills

In India, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming education and closing the digital gap. The government has put in place personalised learning systems that use artificial intelligence to provide tailored learning materials to pupils. The Diksha platform, which gives instructors and students access to digital information, is one such endeavour. Diksha has amassed over 1.2 billion views by 2023, demonstrating the efficacy and appeal of AI-powered teaching resources.

The workforce is also being upskilled through AI-powered platforms, particularly in rural regions. The government provides AI-based vocational training programs through partnerships with business organisations, enhancing young job opportunities. By 2025, India will require over 250,000 AI specialists to fulfil the rising demand, according to NASSCOM, therefore skill development is crucial.

Better test management has also been made possible by AI, which has automated procedures like tracking attendance and detecting exam fraud. To ensure fairness and transparency, the National Testing Agency employs AI technologies to oversee national admission tests.

AI's Effects on India's Economy

India's economy is predicted to be significantly impacted by AI as it would spur innovation and productivity. A PwC India analysis estimates that by 2035, the deployment of AI across industries may boost the Indian economy by almost $957 billion. The Indian AI market is expected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20.2% over the following five years, from its 2022 valuation of $3.1 billion.

With more than 4,500 AI businesses working in industries like banking, healthcare, and e-commerce, India is also becoming a prominent location for AI entrepreneurs. Approximately 6% of the worldwide AI ecosystem is made up of these firms, which reflects India's rising significance in the field. Between 2019 and 2023, AI investments in India rose by 30%, and the government is promoting public-private partnerships to spur innovation.

Conclusion

An important step towards data-driven and citizen-centric government has been taken with the integration of AI into Indian governance frameworks. AI has the ability to revolutionise law enforcement, healthcare, education, and agriculture with the correct regulations, funding, and policies. However, for adoption to be inclusive and sustainable, issues including infrastructure, prejudice, privacy, and skill shortages must be addressed.

Government, business, and academic cooperation will be essential to India's goal of being a worldwide leader in AI by 2030. The nation's dedication to ensuring that AI helps every person, promoting economic growth and social empowerment, is reflected in the focus on AI for All.

1.2 : THE INTERSECTION OF AI AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Artificial Intelligence has become a vital tool in modern human life and is becoming a part of every individual. It is a result of people's daily reliance on AI-based technology, which permeates every aspect of technology. Technology is advancing at an accelerated rate worldwide, prompting people to develop quick math skills in order to increase productivity across the board. Due to intense global competition, both in developed and emerging nations, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly relevant in all nations. India has already embraced AI and has been advancing its AI-based technology. The artificial intelligence market in India is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027, expanding at an annualised rate of 25–35% between 2024 and 2027, according to projections released on February 20, 2020, by consulting company BCG and IT industry association Nasscom.1

In India, public administration, policymaking, and service delivery are all changing as a result of the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into governance frameworks. With more than 1.4 billion people and a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds, India has particular governance issues that AI's automation,

1 “India’s AI market seen touching $17 billion 2027: Report”, The Hindu, Dated 21 February 2024, URL: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/india-ai-market-seen-touching-17- billion-2027-report/article67869754.ece predictive analytics, and data-driven decision-making may help with. The use of AI might improve governance's effectiveness, transparency, and accessibility, particularly in fields like healthcare, agriculture, law enforcement, and education. AI is expected to boost India's economy by over $957 billion by 2035, according to a PwC analysis, highlighting the enormous potential influence technology might have on public service administration and delivery as well as the economy.

The significance of AI in governance is reflected in India's policy framework. Healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, infrastructure, and transportation are the five areas that NITI Aayog has chosen to concentrate its efforts on using AI. The study is on how India may guarantee social and equitable prosperity by utilising transformational technology. The government's goal to use AI for social empowerment was delineated in the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (NSAI), published by NITI Aayog in 2018 with the subject "AI for All." This paper suggests that by 2035, integrating AI into governance might boost yearly growth by 1.3%. Aiming to improve governance through technological innovation, AI is also at the core of other governmental programs, including the Digital India program and the governmental AI Mission. These tactics concentrate on using AI to solve problems including citizen services, urban management, agricultural production, and healthcare access.

The Artificial Intelligence for Sushaasan (AI4Sushaasan), Centre of Excellence (COE) will be a dedicated effort by the government of India that will focus on the development and application of AI for good governance. Its main objective is to make sure AI technologies are used responsibly and ethically for good governance and government policy implementation to get India closer to our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's $5 trillion economic target (Ministry of Home Affairs).2

Figure 13: COE Diagram for Understanding

In the areas of health, agriculture, defence, telecommunication, weather and environment, human resources, transportation and railroads, space and technology, and even law enforcement agencies particularly policing, India is embracing AI at a very rapid speed. This new revolutions put forward nations into the line of developed countries G-7 and G-20.

AI Technologies for Good Governance in India

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), GIS (Geographic Information Systems), Computer Vision, Conversational AI, Speech Analytics, and AI might significantly improve the state of good governance in India. In the areas of policy formulation and decision-making, service delivery and citizen engagement, urban planning and infrastructure development, healthcare and public health, disaster management and emergency response, public safety and law enforcement, economic development and employment, transparency and accountability, and more, these technologies can significantly contribute to good governance in India.

Conversational AI and its Role in Good Governance during G-20:

The term "conversational AI" describes a technology that lets computers and software converse with users in a way that is both natural and human-like. In order to enable spoken or written language exchanges between humans and machines, it integrates a number of AI components, such as machine learning, conversation management, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Natural Language Understanding (NLU). Conversational AI systems are made to comprehend user input, decipher human intent, and produce replies that are appropriate for the given context. Voice-activated gadgets, virtual assistants, chatbots for customer support, and many more uses are possible for these systems. Conversational AI seeks to improve user experiences and offer effective answers to users' questions or demands by facilitating smooth and intuitive communication between people and machines. Through improving citizen-government communication, openness, and efficiency, conversational AI can be a key tool in advancing good governance. This new revolutions put forward nations into the line of developed countries, G-7 and G-20.

The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the principal platform for global collaboration on the most crucial items on the global financial and economic agenda. It unites the main industrialised and developing economies of the globe and contributes significantly to the development and reinforcement of the global architecture and governance. Since taking over the G20 leadership on December 1, 2022, India has dedicated itself to realising the actual meaning of its G20 presidential theme, "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam," or "World is One Family," and to achieving practical global solutions for everyone's well-being. Throughout its presidency, India aims to showcase its rich cultural legacy and viewpoint while broadening the G20's worldwide reach and identifying solutions for pressing global issues.

India's "G-20 digital diplomacy" aims to unite the Global South's countries around a more comprehensive developmental agenda that includes, but is not limited to, advanced health solutions, digital financial inclusion, and connectivity infrastructure. As he correctly noted, our Honourable "PM Narendra Modi has dubbed the upcoming years "India's Technode." The moment is right to reconsider how technology fits into governance and government. Large tech companies and the startup innovation ecosystem are driving the expansion of the digital economy by pursuing opportunities in consumer technology and the internet on the one hand, and emerging new areas like data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, electronics design, semiconductors, supercomputing, and quantum computing on the other. The government is introducing DigitaliSation in Governance to improve the delivery of public services. The time has come to implement a "Digital Government" strategy, which will boost government productivity, cut down on paperwork and files, increase responsiveness, and improve people' contacts with the government. Platform-level efforts have had a big impact.

By exercising leadership during the G20 conference, we can build on the achievements of the Digital India campaign. A few examples of how the current government has led the way in implementing technology in governance are the largest digital identity programme, Aadhaar, with 136 crore enrolments; the world's largest technology-driven Covid vaccination programme, with over 220.66 crore shots administered; the largest Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) programme; and the leadership in digital payments, with Rs. 90 lac crores in FY 22 and FinTech technology.

Figure 14: G20 Source: PTI News

Furthermore, one of the main goals is to provide all Indians with access to an open, trustworthy, safe, and accountable internet. With 60 crore Smartphone users and 86.59 crore internet users, India is the world's most connected democracy. We wish to continue expanding broadband speed, availability, accessibility, and digital infrastructures (cloud, data centres, etc.) in order to enable 6,50,000 villages to become Aatma Nirbhar.

In terms of digital payments, India is the global leader. In just FY22–23, UPI transactions surpassed the $1 trillion dollar threshold and reached about $500 billion. In 2023, India will make up about 45% of all digital payments made worldwide. In keeping with Vasudhev Kutumbkam's goal, India has introduced BHIM-UPI in Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Nepal, France, and the United Kingdom. In 2022–2023, 114 billion digital transactions had already occurred, with about 300 million or more occurring every day. Approximately 10 million of Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) has been issued daily, and approximately $3000 billion has been deposited into the accounts of recipients under several social assistance programmes.

India's economy is currently recovering at the quickest rate in the globe because of well-timed stimulus packages and reforms introduced during the epidemic. The country has seen record FDI inflows and is breaking records for commodities and product exports. Including 108 unicorns, India boasts one of the liveliest and fastest-growing startup ecosystems, with over 92,683 registered startups. It is crucial to support digital health data systems in order to provide smooth data interchange and the development of longitudinal electronic health records both nationally and internationally.

Figure 15: Cutting-Edge Technologies

In the upcoming ten years, a nation's ability to compete will be determined by how quickly it can create and implement cutting-edge technologies. Blockchain,Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, NLP Cyber Security, Web 3.0, Semiconductors, Next Gen Electronics systems, supercomputing, quantum computing, etc. are some of the critical technological sectors where India aspires to be a World leaders, policymakers, and tech innovators can convene at the G20 to discuss important topics related to technology, global collaboration, and digital transformation. The goal is to encourage collaboration in addressing pressing issues and making the most of technology's potential for inclusive and sustainable development.

Artificial Intelligence

AI holds immense potential for enhancing good governance by improving transparency, efficiency, and citizen engagement. Successful implementation of AI for good governance requires collaboration between governments, organisations, and technology experts. It's important to ensure ethical considerations, data privacy, and inclusivity to maximise the benefits of AI while minimising potential risks. AI can analyse many things which is based on data, descriptive information which is useful to prepare reports as well. Artificial Intelligence may be the greatest technological revolution of our time, able to upend practically every area of human life. The co-founder of Coursera and previous leader of Baidu AI Group/ Google Brain, Andrew Ng, liken the revolutionary effect of artificial intelligence to that of electricity a century ago. Global investments in cognitive and AI solutions are expected to expand at a 50.1% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) to reach USD57.6 billion in 2021 as a result of several sectors making significant investments in these technologies.

The theoretical and technological foundations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) were mostly created during the previous 70 years by computer scientists like Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, and John McCarthy. AI is not a brand-new phenomenon. AI is already present in many sectors of the economy and in many governments. We are now on the verge of the exponential era of AI as businesses learn to unlock the value hidden in massive amounts of data, owing to nearly limitless computer power and falling data storage costs.

India's Cybersecurity and Governance

Cybersecurity is becoming an essential part of national security and governance as a result of India's fast digital development. India's cyber infrastructure has to be protected more than ever as it transitions to a digital economy. India's reliance on the internet has grown as a result of government efforts to digitise banking, healthcare, and e-governance services. But this reliance has also left India open to cyberthreats including online fraud, hacking, data breaches, and cyberterrorism.

This essay examines India's current situation with regard to cybersecurity and governance, stressing the obstacles, official efforts, and future directions for bolstering cybersecurity safeguards.

India's Cybersecurity Evolution: Over the past 20 years, India's cybersecurity landscape has changed dramatically due to the country's fast growing IT sector, digital services, and internet users' exponential rise. India's first approach to cybersecurity was mostly reactive, dealing with new threats as they materialised. But as increasingly complex cyberattacks proliferated, it became evident that a proactive and effective cybersecurity plan was required.

The first significant step in developing a legislative framework for cybersecurity was the Indian IT Act, 2000. By addressing cybercrimes and internet trade, this act established the groundwork for subsequent regulations. With time, cybersecurity's purview grew beyond information technology to include data privacy, critical infrastructure protection, and national security.

Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is progressively revolutionising cybersecurity and e-governance by providing strong instruments to improve effectiveness, judgement, and security. AI has the potential to improve public service delivery, expedite administrative procedures, and support data-driven decisions in e-governance. AI lessens the workload on human resources by automating repetitive operations, which enables governments to run more smoothly and better serve their constituents. Massive volumes of data from diverse sources may be analysed by AI-powered systems, which can then provide insightful analysis to enhance public sector results and drive policy.

AI provides enhanced cybersecurity capabilities in real-time cyber threat detection, response, and mitigation. Conventional cybersecurity defences frequently find it difficult to keep up with the sophistication and speed of contemporary assaults. Through machine learning algorithms that can spot trends, abnormalities, and possible weaknesses that human analysts would overlook, AI improves threat detection. AI-driven cybersecurity solutions offer a dynamic defence against hackers by anticipating possible attacks, automating responses, and constantly adapting to changing attack techniques. However, there are drawbacks to integrating AI with cybersecurity and e-governance. Strong frameworks are required to guarantee data privacy, ethical usage, and transparency as a result of the dependence on AI systems. Algorithmic bias, accountability, and the possibility of malevolent actors abusing AI technology are all causes for concern. Governments must invest in AI literacy and skills development, provide clear legislation and ethical standards for AI deployment, and encourage cooperation between the public and private sectors in order to solve these issues.

India's national security and digital modernisation depend heavily on cybersecurity. With the country's continued use of digital technology, a strong cybersecurity framework is becoming required. Even though the Indian government has made great strides in improving cybersecurity, issues including growing cyberthreats, a lack of qualified personnel and disjointed regulatory frameworks still exist. India has to take a holistic strategy that involves revising regulations, upgrading legal frameworks, boosting cybersecurity awareness, and expanding education and workforce development in order to enhance cybersecurity governance. Constructing a safe and robust cyberspace will also need cooperation with foreign allies and the commercial sector.

With its creative answers to the country's most urgent problems, like COVID-19 tax evasion, watering systems, BIFA, and others, AI has the potential to drastically change data-driven decision-making and governance in India. AI enables public administrators and policymakers to make well-informed decisions that improve governance's efficacy and efficiency by rapidly and correctly analysing large volumes of data. AI applications are already showing promise in India in fields including public services, healthcare, urban planning, and agriculture. These applications might enhance service delivery, maximise resource allocation, and boost citizen participation. For instance, by offering real-time insights into patterns and trends, AI-driven analytics might assist municipal governments in addressing urban problems like trash management and traffic congestion. Similar to this, AI may help the healthcare industry manage patient care and forecast illness outbreaks, which would eventually improve health outcomes. But there are obstacles in the way of successfully integrating AI into government. To guarantee that AI helps all facets of society, especially underprivileged groups, concerns including data privacy, ethical issues, and the digital gap must be addressed. Maximising the promise of AI technologies also requires developing a trained workforce that can use them.

Government, business, and civil society cooperation will be necessary for the effective integration of AI in governance as India continues its embrace of digital transformation. India may leverage AI to develop a more responsive, effective, and fair government structure by emphasising transparency, accountability, and inclusion. The prudent and creative use of AI will ultimately determine the future of data-driven decision-making in India, opening the door to sustainable growth and an enhanced standard of living for all residents.

1.3 : AI IN GOVERNANCE: OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGES

The rules, procedures, and systems that societies use to allocate resources, create and carry out public policies, and organise themselves are all part of the complex idea of governance. It includes non-state players including the commercial sector, civic society, and international organisations in addition to the involvement of governments. Public engagement, accountability, openness, and the rule of law are frequently linked to good governance. Even with its significance, governance has a number of problems, such as unequal resource allocation, corruption, shoddy institutional frameworks, and a lack of transparency. These difficulties impede society's progress, effectiveness, and general well-being. The objective of this study is to investigate the notion of governance, its importance, and the several obstacles it encounters, bolstered by statistical data to offer a thorough grasp of the subject.

The goal of the approach is to maximise the advantages of late movers in terms of technology. While acknowledging that India is still a ways off from regularly producing its own cutting-edge AI technology solutions, the country can leapfrog other countries by modifying and innovating technology to meet its own needs and opportunities. At the same time, it can establish the fundamental R&D capability needed to ensure its competitiveness over the long term.

Given the complexity and multifaceted nature of the majority of our society and economic problems, solving the problems facing India may be readily extended to the other growing and developing nations. Tackling common and difficult global concerns that may be resolved by technological intervention is a key component of India's AI strategy, and the country's size and potential environment make it the perfect test-bed to guarantee scalable and sustainable solutions.

What Constitutes Governance in India?

In India, the terms "governance" relate to the structures, laws, and organisations in charge of overseeing public affairs at the federal, state, and municipal levels. Accountability, openness, and public involvement are hallmarks of good government, which is essential to India's social and economic advancement. Nonetheless, the nation continues to confront issues that affect the standard of governance, including political instability, bureaucratic inefficiency, and corruption. Even with continuous changes, resolving these problems is still necessary to achieve sustainable development and equitable growth.

Governance also refers to the system of organisations, procedures, and controls that oversee public affairs and guarantee efficient service delivery, with a focus on involvement, accountability, and openness. It functions in accordance with the Constitution's power division between the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. Laws are draughted by the Legislature, carried out by the Executive, and upheld by th